Dietary patterns, nutritional profile, and body mass index in Mexican schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study

Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem in Mexico. In this study, childhoodspecific dietary patterns and their relationship with overweight-obesity prevalence, nutrient profiles and types of foods consumed were studied. A descriptive cross-sectional study of 724 randomly selected schoolchildren between 9 to 12 years old from Nayarit State, Mexico was performed. Data on anthropometric characteristics and food intake were recorded. Seven dietary patterns and three specific diets were identified by multivariate analysis. A dietary pattern characterized by high legume, snack and low beverage intake was negatively associated with weight and body mass index. The overall overweight and obesity prevalence was 20.2% and 20.6%, respectively. Diet type significantly influenced (p<0.05) protein, carbohydrates and fat intake but did not show correlation with the overweightobesity status. Simple sugars, candies, pastries and sweetened beverages appeared in all dietary patterns. Dietary patterns in countries with a wide gastronomic diversity should be considered to design preventive nutrition intervention programs(AU)

La obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública en México. En este trabajo, se estudiaron los patrones dietéticos de escolares mexicanos y su relación con la prevalencia de sobrepeso-obesidad, el perfil de nutrientes y los principales grupos de alimentos consumidos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal descriptivo donde participaron 724 escolares seleccionados al azar de entre 9 a 12 años del Estado de Nayarit, México evaluándose las características antropométricas y la ingesta de alimentos. Siete patrones dietéticos y tres dietas específicas fueron identificados mediante análisis multivariado. Un patrón de dieta caracterizada por una alta ingesta de legumbres y aperitivos junto con una baja ingesta de bebidas azucaradas se asoció negativamente con el peso e índice de masa corporal. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fue del 20.2 y 20.6%, respectivamente. El tipo de dieta influyó significativamente (p<0.05) en la ingesta de proteínas, hidratos de carbono y el consumo de grasas, pero no mostró correlación con la condición de sobrepeso-obesidad. Los azúcares simples, dulces, postres y bebidas endulzadas aparecieron en todos los patrones dietéticos. Los patrones dietéticos en los países con una gran diversidad gastronómica podrían ser considerados de interés para diseñar programas de intervención nutricional preventiva(AU)

Modificación del estado nutricional de cuidadores de niños y adolescentes con obesidad en tratamiento dietético / Change in nutritional status in caregivers of children and teenagers with obesity during dietary treatment

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el cambio del estado nutricional de los cuidadores de niños y adolescentes con obesidad, ocurrido después del tratamiento dietético al que fueron sometidos dichos pacientes en el Centro de Atención Nutricional Infantil Antímano (CANIA) durante el período 2005-2011. Se recolectaron los datos antropométricos de 145 niños y adolescentes con obesidad (edades: 2 a 16 años) y de sus cuidadores, construyendo los indicadores: índice de masa corporal (IMC) en adultos y peso relativo en niños y adolescentes. Al inicio del tratamiento, 39,3 % de los cuidadores se categorizaron como sobrepeso y 44,2 % como obesidad; mientras que en el último control registrado, 40,0 % presentaban sobrepeso y 41,4 % obesidad. El test McNemar-Bowker, que valoró la modificación cualitativa del estado nutricional en adultos, arrojó un p-valor = 0,363, mientras que la t-Student para IMC promedio, fue de 0,002, ambos a un nivel de significación α = 0,05. Al inicio del tratamiento, la mayoría de los niños y adolescentes se encontró dentro del diagnóstico de obesidad moderada (64,1 %) y grave (26,9 %); sin embargo, en el último control, los diagnósticos más comunes fueron obesidad moderada (39,3 %) y leve (26,2 %). El estado nutricional de los cuidadores no cambió significativamente durante ese período a diferencia del IMC que si presentó cambios cuantitativos. Esta investigación sugiere la utilidad de incluir la medición antropométrica del cuidador en la historia nutricional del niño y adolescente con obesidad, para así lograr un seguimiento del estado nutricional del grupo familiar(AU)

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the change in the nutritional status of caregivers for children and teenagers with obesity during a dietary treatment given to these patients at CANIA (Centro de Atención Nutricional Infantil Antímano) within the period 2005-2011. The anthropometric data of both caregivers and children, and teenagers (n = 145; ages= 2 to 16 years) was collected from their histories, building the indicators: body mass index (BMI) in adults and relative weight in children. 39.3 % of the caregivers were found to be overweight and 44.2 % were obese at baseline, 40.0 % of which maintained the overweight in their last recorded control and 41.4 % remained obese. The McNemar’s - Bowker test to value the qualitative change of the nutritional status in adults showed a p-value= 0.363. Additionally, the p-value of the Student’s t-test on related mean BMI was 0.002. Both tests were calculated at a significance level of α = 0.05. According to the relative weight, most children and teenagers at base line were classified with moderate and severe obesity (64.1 % and 26.9 % respectively), in the last control the most common diagnosis in this group were moderate and mild obesity (39.3 % and 26.2 % respectively). The nutritional status of caregivers showed no significant change during the time of the studied treatment; however, the mean BMI of caregivers resulted significantly lower. This study suggests the utility of including recorded anthropometric data of caregivers to monitor the nutritional status of the family group(AU)

Padrão de consumo de alimentos com açúcar de adição entre estudantes de uma instituição pública de ensino superior do sudeste brasileiro / Food intake pattern with added sugar between students from a public educational institution southeastern brazilian

Objetivo: Na transição alimentar registrada no último século, pontuada pela industrialização dos alimentos, o açúcar de adição tem papel de destaque. Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a correlação entre a frequência de consumo e a preferência, e estimar a dependência e abuso de alimentos industrializados contendo açúcar de adição por universitários do sudeste brasileiro. Método: O instrumento da pesquisa foi enviado por e-mail a todos os alunos regularmente matriculados nos cursos presenciais da instituição pública de ensino superior, com orientações sobre o estudo e do questionário. Ele é composto da caracterização da amostra, incluindo o conhecimento de ter as doenças inqueridas; de duas tabelas, organizadas com 21 tipos de alimentos industrializados com açúcar de adição em sua composição que avaliaram a frequência de consumo e o nível de preferência dos participantes por esses alimentos. O questionário para estimar a dependência e abuso dos alimentos é baseado no M.I.N.I. Plus adaptado para o açúcar de adição, e segue os critérios de dependência do DSM-IV. Resultados: Quanto ao padrão de consumo dos alimentos selecionados, dentre os 3.665 questionários válidos, observou-se correlação positiva significativa entre as escalas de frequência de consumo e preferência de alimentos com açúcar de adição (r=0,448; p<0,001). A apreciação explicou 22% da variância da frequência de consumo (r²=0,22). Quanto à dependência os resultados mostraram que 28,6% dos alunos podem ser considerados dependentes desses alimentos e 12,2% abusadores. Conclusão: O nível de apreciação em relação aos alimentos selecionados apresentou correlação positiva e ascendente com a frequência do consumo, o que é fator a ser considerado, mas não o único. Em relação à dependência e abuso houve uma grande associação com doenças crônicas responsáveis por graves problemas de saúde e altas taxas de mortalidade entre adultos, o que sugere que estudos relativos a esse tema devem ser estimulados, pois os resultados constituem evidências preliminares e promissoras de que a dependência de alimentos ricos em açúcar pode ser um fator de risco comum para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.

Objective: In the food transition verified in the last century, punctuated by the food industrialization, sugar addition has an important role. This study aimed to estimate the correlation between the frequency of consumption and preference and evaluate the dependence and abuse of industrialized foods containing additional sugar by university students of southeastern Brazil. Method: The investigation instrument was sent by email to all currently enrolled students in presence courses at the educational institution, with orientations about the research and the questionnaire. It consists of the characterization of the sample, including the knowledge of having the disease surveyed; two tables, organized with 21 types of processed foods with additional sugar in its composition that assessed the frequency of consumption and the level of preference of the participants for these foods. The questionnaire to estimate the dependence and abuse of food were based on the MINI Plus, adapted to the additional sugar, and followed the dependence criteria of the DSM-IV. Results: Among the 3665 valid questionnaires, a positive significant correlation between the frequency scales of consumption and enjoyment of foods with additional sugar was observed (r=0,448; p<0.001). The assessment explained 20.7% of the variance in frequency of consumption (R2 = 0.207). The results also demonstrated that 28.6% of students can be considered dependent on these foods and 12.2% abusers. Conclusion: The level of assessment in relation to selected foods had a positive correlation with the ascending frequency of consumption, which is a factor to consider, but not the only one. In relation to dependence and abuse, there is a high association with chronic diseases responsible for serious health problems and high rates of mortality among adults. Therefore, studies on this topic should be encouraged since the results can provide preliminary and promising evidences that dependence on sugar-rich foods can be a common risk factor for developing chronic diseases.

The therapeutic effect of insulin lispro mix 50/50 combined with metformin in newly diagnosed overweight/obese type 2 diabetic mellitus patients / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect and safety of insulin lispro mix 50/50 combined with mefformin in newly diagnosed overweight/obese type 2 diabetic mellitus patients.Methods Sixty-two patients with newly diagnosed overweight/obsess type 2 diabetic mellitus were randomly divided into observation group (32 cases) and control group (30 cases) by systematic sampling method.The observation group received insulin lispro mix 50/50 combined with metformin,and the control group received recombinant human insulin and insulin glargine.The therapeutic effect and safety were compared between the 2 groups.Results There were no statistical differences in the blood glucose before eating,before retiring and at mane primo 3:00 between the 2 groups (P ＞ 0.05).There were no statistical differences in the time of blood glucose standard and rate of hypoglycaemia between the 2 groups (P ＞ 0.05).Daily insulin dosage and costs in the observation group were lower than those in the control group [(0.6 ± 0.1) U/kg vs.(0.8 ± 0.1) U/kg and (15.8 ±2.1) yuan/d vs.(21.3 ±2.6) yuan/d],and there were statistical differences (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Insulin lispro mix 50/50 combined with mefformin provides a convenient,effective and safe therapy for newly diagnosed overweight/obese type 2 diabetic mellitus patients and high cost performance.

A Comparison of the Past Physical Growth, Eating Habits and Dietary Intake by Obesity Index of Sixth Grade Primary School Students in Seoul / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was conducted to find the differences in the physical changes, eating habits and dietary intake by obseity index of sixth grade primary school students is Seoul.The subjests were classified into three groups, an underweight group(90% under, 12l Ug), normal group(between 90-110%, 153, NG), and obese group(110% over, 91, OG) according to WLI(Weight-Length Index)calculated with their present (6th grade) height and weight. The physical growth of the subjects was generally good, although problems of both underweight and obesity were existed together. The mean heigh growth velocity per year, weight growth velocity per year and WLI changes per year of OG were higher than those of the other groups(p<0.01). The past physical status of the three groups were maintained from 1 st grade to sixth grade, As eating habits and lifestyles, they were not statistically significant but there were some differences among the three groups. More students of the UG disliked a certain food than those of the other groups. UG liked fried or roasted foods more(p<0.001). NG tended to eat three meals more irregularly. OG tended to have meal times more regularly and do more regular exercise than the other groups. The dietary intakes of three groups were generally good. They were not statically significant among the three groups. With theses difference among the three groups, it is recommended to educate about unbalanced diet for the underweight group, regularity, of meals for the normal group, doing exercise for the obese for the obese group, and increasing Ca and vitamin A intake for most students, As the physical status for th lower grades have been maintained up to the sixth grade, nutrition education programs should be started at the lower grades in the elementary school.

Obesity in elementary school children

Obesity has been implicated as a significant risk factor for multiple medical condition including hypertention, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver. Furthermore, obesity in childhood is believed to be a reliable predictor of a similar condition in adulthood. During the recent years, there has been a rapid rise in the incidence of childhood obesity in Korea due to increased dietary intake rich in caloric content. This study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiology and potential health complications of obesity observed in elmentary school students. A total of 3,103 children (1630 boys and 1,473 girls), ages ranging from 6 to 12, were studied with personal interview, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation. The results were as follows: 1) The prevalence of obesity was 13.44% with approximately equal distribution among boys (14.42%) and girls (12.36%). 2) The prevalence of childhood obesity in Seoul was significantly higher (18.62%) than that in Suwon (7.85%) and in Hongchon (6.02%). 3) A higher incidence of hypertension was dectected in obese subjects and this was more obvious in girls. 4) Hyperlipidemia and elevated Atherogenic Index were more frequently observed in obese group. 5) although fasting blood glucose levels were similar in both groups. AST and ALT abnormalities were much more prevalent in obese group. It is concluded that hypertension and other metabolic abnormalities are much more frequently observed in obese children and that our effects should be focused on the earliest dection, prevention and management of childhood obesity.